Communication and Leadership in Education - 1669 Words

There are many definitions of leadership. Chemers (1997) describes it as: A process of social influence in which one person can enlist the support of others in the accomplishment of a common task or aim But there is an argument that leadership in education is even more and refers to the process of enlisting and guiding the talents and energies of teachers, pupils, and parents towards achieving common educational objectives. Leadership in early years settings has traditionally been associated with the individual skills and personal qualities of the leader and nothing more. Recently, however, leadership is being viewed as not only the isolated activity of a single person, but instead the communal activities a variety of people who all contribute to a successful leadership outcome. Working within early years settings is becoming more demanding year on year as demonstrated by the MP for Education and Childcare (Elizabeth Truss) wanting to â€Å"build a stronger, more capable workforce, with more rigorous training and qualifications, led by a growing group of Early Years Teachers† (DoE, Jan 2013)It is increasingly important, therefore, that practitioners and leaders in early year s settings acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to meet these increasing demands. The early Years foundation stage (EYFS) introduced in 2008, was the first time a framework existed, setting out the expectations for care and provision for early years. The revised EYFS (2012) continues to beShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of A Transformational Leadership963 Words   |  4 PagesCharacteristics of Good Leadership Leadership comes in many facets. It is important to pick the right leadership depending on the situation. In this paper the key leadership that will be discussed is transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that has been adopted by a lot of individuals in the 21st Century. It is also a leadership style that leaders in the military have utilized to effectively train new Soldiers. Throughout this paper I will speak about theRead MoreLeadership : The Field Of Distance Education1734 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership in Distance Education To most people, leadership and management are used interchangeably. The roles and skills of leadership and management, however, are distinctively different. Kotter (2012) states that unlike management that is responsible for carrying out changes within systems, leadership on the other hand, â€Å"builds systems or transforms old ones†¦takes you into territory that is new and less well known, or completely unknown to you† (Location 36. para 1). This is notable withRead MoreEffective Leadership : An Effective Leader1420 Words   |  6 PagesEffective leadership is not something you come across very often. Leadership can be defined as ‘the ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals’ (Dubrin, 2010, p. 2-3). Finding someone who fits the idea of being an effective leader can difficult. In fact, Myatt (2013) argues that many leaders in our world think they are leaders, however, he states that à ¢â‚¬Ëœnot everyone can or should become a leader’ (para. 1). In a group of three, we hadRead MoreLeadership : A Nurse Manager Of The Telemetry Floor At The Hospital1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Leadership is an important part of almost all profession. It is no surprise that the role of nursing profession evolving, with that evolution, leadership is becoming more and more important. Leadership establishes an environment that foster personal and professional growth. Nursing is a profession that put huge emphasis on leadership skills. Leadership is such an essential part of our health care system, which can greatly impact the quality, accessibility and affordability of healthRead MoreThe University Of Toledo Levis Leadership Program786 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity of Toledo Levis Leadership program prides itself with creating leaders. The program focuses on giving students with leadership potential the knowledge, skills, and tools to become leaders not only on campus but in their future careers. For me, the proof of this method of producing leadership is shown by the upperclassmen in the program. As a freshman, the upperclassmen are my role models, and I rely on them to s et an example of what I can do with my developing leadership. When I met with my LUTRead MoreTransformational Leadership As A Transformational Leader1673 Words   |  7 Pagestransformational leadership as my style of leadership with the staff that I work with. There are many approaches I can use to implement this style, as well as many ways that I can share my leadership vision for leading in the healthcare environment. This leadership vision is influenced by previous leaders in my career, and a current leader today. By evaluating my strengths and limitations, I am able to evaluate opportunities for leadership and professional growth. Personal Leadership Style and ApproachesRead MoreLeadership Styles And Standards For Creating Healthy Work Environments930 Words   |  4 PagesNUR 565: Leadership and Healthy Work Environments Economist John Maynard Keynes once said that â€Å"the hardest thing is not to get people to accept new ideas; it is to get them to forget old ones† (Porter-O’Grady, Malloch, 2015). In the United States, the healthcare system is a testament to this. Both leadership styles and standards for creating healthy work environments are factors immediately affecting healthcare and its development today. Assessing current leaderships styles and suggesting the inclusionRead MoreEvaluation of School Improvement Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess should be progressive to incorporate overall planning, implement changes, which contribute to success. In order to focus on school climate and norms, the evaluation design must include the students, instructions, and outcomes to improve communication and building-level concerns to be address in this response. School Climate and Social Norms The school principal, other staff leaders, and personnel set the tone and the climate of the organization. Dr. Hunter indicated the learning environmentRead More Leadership: The Key to Strong Management Essay659 Words   |  3 PagesLeadership: The Key to Strong Management We live in an era of communication challenges. It is an age of increasingly scarce management and education to the markets of tomorrow. To solve this problem, to improve and restore the competitive edge of business, I recommend teaching leadership as well as organization. We need to move beyond the simplistic and boring, everyday organizational skills commonly taught in core courses in business schools. Important as these skills are, we need to redirectRead MoreLeadership From A Nurses Perspective1548 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership in Clinical Nursing When one thinks of leaders, they think of those who hold a high profile position or someone who is highly visible in the public eye. A leader, regardless of prestige is someone who can easily influence and inspire the actions and goals of others. The definition of a leader in Nursing Leadership and Management in Nursing states, â€Å"leadership is commonly defined as a process of influence in which the leader influences others towards goal achievement (Kelly, 2012 p.2)

Jamestown, Virginia, And The United States Of America

Before there were fifty states, there were many different colonies, formed by many different countries and in different regions. Eventually, the settlements were narrowed down to thirteen English colonies. These settlements ultimately became the first thirteen states of the United States of America. This is the story of how they were formed. The first of the thirteen colonies was Jamestown, Virginia. Virginia was was the first successful British settlement in the Americas, colonized in 1607. (Before Jamestown, there was a colony named ‘Roanoke’, in what is now North Carolina. This colony, settled in 1587, was abandoned by 1590, all the colonists having disappeared without a trace) England crossed the Atlantic to establish a permanent colony, as well as to search for riches. Though Jamestown did eventually get their wealth, it was not for the reasons that they originally anticipated. Jamestown was the first colony to start growing tobacco, which they gained a grand profit from. Jamestown, Virginia was also the first colony to start using slaves, beginning in 1619. The settlement of Virginia also had another negative impact besides slavery. When the English first came over from Europe, they brought diseases that the Native Americans’ immune systems were not equipped to deal with. This resulted in a large majority of Native Americans dying off. Thirteen years after Virginia was colonized, the Pilgrims formed the colony of Plymouth. The Pilgrims, who were English,Show MoreRelatedJamestown834 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Shannon Springstead Honors US History 1 09/09/13 Jamestown Jamestown settlement was the first successful establishment when the 13 colonies on North America were founded. In 1606, King James I sent a charter known as the First Charter of Virginia to the Virginia Company in order to assign land rights to colonists. By assigning land rights, King James I had a better grip on propagating the Anglican Religion to the settlers. He also had the intentions of rectifying other countries fromRead MoreJamestown Research Paper1044 Words   |  5 PagesThe Settlement of Jamestown Allison Stoots Ivy Tech University In 2007, the Jamestown settlement celebrated its 400th anniversary. The governing body of Virginia, the Virginia General Assembly, held a session there, a parade was held, and even Dick Cheney and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom attended a ceremony honoring the historic site where English settlers would first find a permanent home in the future United States (Lessig and Payne, 2007). Looking backward, it seemed almost inevitableRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On America1289 Words   |  6 Pagesthose historical events made possible in the future. Without history America would not know where we came from or how we got to where we are today. History helps us as Americans make decisions that could improve our future as a country, because without history to lead us in the right direction we could constantly make the same mistakes over and over again. There are many important times in history that greatly influenced how America has grown into the country we are today. The new colonies were heavilyRead MoreSlavery Was Considered Acceptable And Licit984 Words   |  4 PagesEnslaving a person is an action that is essentially deemed unethical and criminal in many countries, including the United States. However, at one point in American history, the exploitation of slavery was considered acceptable and licit. The existence of slavery was justified by the massive positive benefits reaped by the American economy, particularly in the South from 1619 to 1851 (Horton 7). In an economy so excessively dependent on the use of slaves, the abolition of slavery created fear of severeRead MoreThe Settlement Of Jamestown : A Historic Event1013 Words   |  5 Pagestook place. The settlement of Jamestown happen. Jamestown is located on an island in the James River, hence the name. This was known as the first permanent English settlement in the New World, which was a big deal. This settlement showed that people would be able to live and survive in the United State s. It proved that England could sustain itself even so far from its origin. The settlement of Jamestown was one of the most important historic events to happen in America. England was ready to makeRead MoreThe United States1676 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of the United States is so ingrained into the hearts of Americans that it can be hard to imagine when the home of the brave did not exist. However, the early seventeenth century features the origins of a country no one could imagine at the time. It began with James I issuing a charter to the Virginia Company, known then as the London Company, in 1606, but it progressed from that rough start to become the first permanent English colony in North America, located in Jamestown. New additionsRead MoreVirginia s Key Physical Features1108 Words   |  5 Pagesof the United States of America. It is near West Virginia, Maryland, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Kentucky and the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C., which is the District of Columbia. The average elevation of Virginia is 950 feet or 290 meters. Also, Virginia is surrounded by the Potomac River. b. Virginia’s Key Physical Features – The highest point of Virginia is Mount Rogers, which is located at 5,729 feet and the lowest point is Atlantic Ocean. Some of the rivers in Virginia are theRead MoreHow The African s Ideologies Survived Under European Values And State Run Human Oppression774 Words   |  4 Pagesharbor numerous accounts of worldwide and state-run human oppression. The accounts display that the want for labor often influenced the practice of coercion and violence. While reviewing the work of Dr. Delridge, L Hunter in The death of the Negro volume I, 2, and 3 it became clear that a degree of unequal actions molded a form of inferior status that shape the Negro call to freedom songs. To name the weapon with which the colonial United States of America brought about unnecessary sorrow, demandsRead MoreThe British Empire During Colonial America1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe British Empire in Colonial America The colonization of Virginia, Maryland and the Massachusetts Bay corresponds to pivotal points in history that began the formation of our modern day United States of America. In all three of these regions the process of transplantation developed because of the hunger of finding the Northwest Passage and ultimately the search for a get rich-quick-scheme, gold. Besides their initial intentions, other common factors were the shortages of financial resourcesRead MoreThe Impact of the American Civil War869 Words   |  4 Pageswar was an important event in the history of United States. It changed the internal structure of American society and had a greater impact than the revolution. The basis of the civil war was due to slavery. It overthrew the once dominated planter elite politically and its slaveholding class. During early decades of the nineteen-century the planters of American south were not about to follow the path of gradual emancipation that the northern states had raged. The economies of the south and north

The Math in Figure Skating Free Essays

Alexis Dillon l. Introduction This paper will be discussing the involvement of math in figure skating. There are three parts of skating that will be discussed in the essay; Jumps and moves in the field. We will write a custom essay sample on The Math in Figure Skating or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jumps require a lot of power, strength and knee bend in order for the Jump to be successful. I will be looking at the appropriate angle of knee bend a skater needs to successfully land a Jump. Moves in the field are series of test that include certain turns and moves that are tested in front of Judges. Moves in the field require grace, knee bend, speed and strength. This essay will discuss the correct angle of the knee bend required to correctly complete specific turns, including counters, rockers and brackets and to successfully remain on the correct edge. I have been skating for nine years. I have done many types of skating, like freestyle, moves in the field and synchronized skating. I’m currently a competitive synchronize skater and working on my novice moves. Both these parts of figure skating require speed, grace, edge quality and strength. Many things can affect how well a skater can preform and the quality of the skating. Knee bend is one of the many crucial parts of quality skating. II. What Is Skating? Figure skating is defined as a â€Å"competitive on ice sport in prescribed fgures and/or choreographed free skating. † Figure skating includes many different types and levels. Ill. Basic Skills To start, many skaters complete basic skills classes, which, in short, teach the basic components of skating, needed to be successful. Children under the age of six usually begin a beginner class called â€Å"snowplow’. This level consists of very basic skills including things like learning how to stand up and fall down. After the skater has completed these levels, or is above the age of six, moves on to the levels â€Å"Basic Skill† There are eight levels in this section, where each level increases in difficulty. The basic skills provide the fundamentals of skating. These levels will also provide more challenging skills including, edges, turns, and crossovers that are necessary for successful skating. Once the skater has successful passed these levels, the skater may move on to â€Å"freestyle†. There are six levels in this section. These levels teach the skater basic Jumps and spins. ‘V. Freestyle Freestyle skating consists of Jumps, spins and footwork sequences choreographed in a program using the skater’s style. Some Jumps include axel, the loop Jump, lutz and salchow. These Jumps can be preformed as singles (, doubles, triples, and even quadruples. The axel is one of the hardest Jumps to master, whether it’s a single, double, or a quad The axel requires knee bend, power and speed Competitions are based on levels. There are eight levels in freestyle. Each level gets harder and the harder Jumps require programs with required moves, Jumps and spins. These test are preformed in front of Judges. These test are important for a fgure skater because in determines what level the skater competes at. These tests ake practice and skill. V. Moves in the field Like the freestyle tests, there are eight tests the gradually increase in difficulty. The tests are as follows; pre-preliminary, preliminary, pre-Juvenile, Juvenile, intermediate, novice, Junior and senior. Each test consist of certain step sequences, turns, and moves that require knee bend, grace, and speed. Example of a very simple pattern on the preliminary exam: This pattern consist of a very simple inside three-turn in which you start on an inside edge and turn onto your outside edge. Example of a two very challenging patterns on the Junior exam: Figure 2 Figure 3 This pattern requires a lot good edge quality, grace and knee bend. This turns, also known as a rocker, requires you to stay on the same edge before and after a turn. To determine the correct amount of knee bend, twenty forward inside rockers were done and photographed. Each turn was analyzed to determine whether or not the turn was on the correct edge or not. The photos were separated into two groups, turn with a perfect edge and turn with imperfect edge. The angle of the knee was measured for each photo and then averaged. The average angle for a turn with perfect edge quality was 1090 (refer to fgure 3 for what the edge is supposed to look ike). The average angle for a turn with imperfect edge quality was about 1230. Below are the pictures of a person doing the turn and what the turn looked like on the ice. RFI Rocker. How does math relate to this turn? Although, the differences between the two angles may have seemed small, it made a huge difference. IVe been working on these types turns for about a year, and from experience, I know there are some many things that need to be perfect in order for the turn to be on the correct edge and successtul. One ot the most important and influential part of the turn is the amount of knee bend the skater has. So, how does the angle of the knee make the turn have good or bad edge quality? When you bend your knee, you are doing what’s called, â€Å"pressing your edge†. This means you are on the correct edge because of your knee bend. So, how much knee bend is enough? Is there a certain angle needed to perfect the turns? The answer is yes. This experiment has shown that a very large angle and a very low angle will disrupt the turn. VI’. What is an axel? Axel is one of the most difficult Jumps. The axel takes off from the forward outside edge and is landed on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. A single axel is 1. 5 revolutions. Axel is one of the many Jumps that skaters practice and attempt to master. Like most other Jumps, the axel can be increased in difficulty by adding more rotations to the Jump. VIII. What things affect the success of an axel? Many experienced skaters would say the most important things to master when learning how to land an axel successfully is power, speed, and height. How can you master all of these things? Through knee bend. Knee bend provides many things for a successful axel. When you bend you’re knee while you skate, you â€Å"pressing on your edge† letting your skates skate with the ice rather than on top of the ice and merely liding.. No matter how fast your feet move, you will not gain speed if are â€Å"stepping† rather then bending your knees and actually skating. Knee bend also provides grace when preforming an axel. The more you â€Å"get down in your knees† or bend your knees, the more graceful and elegant you appear. This will help those who compete. Finally, right before the Jump takes off, knee bend provides height and the power of the Jump itself. But, how much knee bend is enough knee bend? Skaters, like me and those who think analytically, would love to know how much knee bend will lead to a successful Jump. ‘X. Figuring out how much knee bend is enough knee bend Like what was done for the rockers, a similar experiment was done for the axel. To determine the correct amount of knee bend before the Jump, twenty axels were done and recorded and photographed. Each Jump was analyzed to determine whether or not the turn was a successful Jump or not. The photos were separated into two groups, turn with a perfect edge and turn with imperfect edge. The angle of the knee was measured for each photo and then averaged. The average angle for a Jump with good height and a quality Jump was 1070. The average angle for a turn with imperfect dge quality was about 1280. These results are very similar to the rockers. The Jumps that were considered unsuccessful landed with a fall or it was over or under rotated. This is most likely because the skater either had too much or too little power. X’. How does math relate to this Jump? Even though the differences between the two angles may have seemed small, it made a huge difference. From experience I know that an axel can up to about a year to perfect. Like the rocker, I know there are some many things that need to be perfect in order for the turn to be successful. One of the most important and influential part f the turn is the amount of knee bend the skater has. How to cite The Math in Figure Skating, Papers

Leadership for Global Hospitality-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Write a reflective essay on a person, historical or current, that you consider to be a leader. Answer: Leadership for global Hospitality A leader is a person who is believed to have the ability to direct and command people towards a specific direction and is bound by power and authority. In case of an organization, a leader has the mandate to lead people towards achieving the set organizational goals. Leadership styles or approaches used depends on the situation or circumstance under which leadership is exercised, example, a leader in a business organization may not lead the same way as that in a health center. This is because the situations are different and also the set goals to be achieved. Various leaders are successful in their various environments because of their various characteristics like their personality, leading styles, level of creativity, leadership skills among others. In this case, I focus on Bradford Banducci, chief executive officer of the Woolworths Group of companies (Wang, et al, 2011). Bradford Banducci has been the CEO of Woolworths since February in the year 2016, within the short period he has led the company a significant change in the level of success has been recorded. From the level of management to an improvement on the level of employees productivity, its evident that his ability to lead the company is beyond doubt. His ability to lead the company towards achieving the set organizational goals has been influenced by various leadership skills, example, his experience in the corporate sector over the years has been a key factor. Before joining the company, Brad had been working with various successful corporates in the market in various leading position where he significantly made a positive impact. He later joined the company and has been working as the head of liquor department before being appointed as the CEO of the company. Experience in every area is very important as it ensures that the leader understands the trends within his area of leadership and c an simply relate with the present happenings to enable his control towards achieving the set organizational goals (Gritzo, Fusfeld Carpenter, 2017). His level of education has also greatly enhanced his ability to lead the company towards success. With an undergraduate in commerce, degree in the same field and an MBA in management from the Australian Graduate School to me is all a leader requires to be able to enhance management control on all activities enhanced within the organization. Understanding the importance of effective management as a gear towards achieving the set organizational goals, its clear that Brads success in his work is as a result of his learned skills in the various education levels he has gone through. His way of observing and directing operational activities within the organization has also been influenced by his ability to understand the various operational procedures in a given organization like Woolworths. I have learned that a leader with educational adequacy in his field is able to be more productive than that who dont have the required education skills in his field as its clear from Bradford Banducci case (Duvall-Dickson, 2016). Leadership approach enhanced by Brad is transformational approach, this is an approach put in place to enhance positive changes within an organization to help achieve the set organizational goals. Reflecting from transformational theory perspective, a transformational leader is the one who gives orders to the follower and evaluates if the follower obeys the orders to either punish or reward the follower all with an aim of enhancing a positive change (Avolio, Walumbwa and Weber, 2009). Brad has been able to ensure that his ability positively influences the employees as well as the customers towards the set goals. His ability to improve customers culture by putting up measures to ensure that the customer is treated in the right way is one of the factors that have enhanced the companys success. Improved relationship with the employees as well as the existing suppliers has ensured that they remain loyal by ensuring they carry out their roles as expected, this has laid an impact in the la id success. Its important to note that, Brad has clearly defined his measures to ensuring that he positively transforms the company, this is important as unclear defined measures results to confusion and in some cases failure to achieving the set organizational goals Leadership directly affects the level of organizational performance, that is, efficient and effective leadership positively enhances the level of organizational performance while poor leadership negatively affects the level of organizational performance (Robertson, 2016). Brads ability to lead Woolworths through its operational activities as well as improving customers, employees and suppliers culture has highly ensured a significant improvement on the levels of productivity. His leadership approach has shown him also as a charismatic leader who motivates his able followers to perform towards achieving the set organizational goals. Comparing with other leaders in developed organizations in the international business, Brads style of leadership is unique in that in a very short time the companys performance has positively improved. I have learned that a leaders ability to lead and control his followers is what enhances or affects the level of productivity thus affecting the level of or ganizational performance through studying Bradford Banducci ways of leading the Woolworths Company (Brauckmann and Pashiardis, 2011). Traits and skills of a leader influences their behavior while at work as well as their level of success. A leader is entrusted with the role of coordinating all the activities of his or her followers depending on the situation in which leadership is exercised. Challenges experienced during leadership by the various leaders are different and the various ways of solving them are also different. Ability of the leader to solve any existing challenge depends on his ability to understand the cause of the challenge and come up with various measures on how to solve it (DuBrin, 2015). In case of Bradford Banducci, the various challenges he is facing are as a result of poor management of the company before he took his tenure in office. Some include poor marketing operations as well as high levels of competition. To solve this, Brad has ensured that he first understands the root causes of the existing challenges and come up with measures to solving them a skill that has enhanced success in his activities. Its important for all leaders to ensure they understand the existing challenges and their causes before suggesting any measures of solving them. If the challenges relate to the followers, its only good for a leader to understand their needs as well as their characteristics. Studying Bradford Banducci as a leader has helped me understand that leadership is an important process that requires an individual with coherent and appropriate skills in that specified field and that effective form of leadership is influenced by both behaviors of the leader as well as that of the workforce and their willingness to enhance organizational success. References Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O. and Weber, T.J., 2009. Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual review of psychology, 60, pp.421-449. Brauckmann, S. and Pashiardis, P., 2011. A validation study of the leadership styles of a holistic leadership theoretical framework. International Journal of Educational Management, 25(1), pp.11-32. DuBrin, A. J. (2015). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Duvall-Dickson, S 2016, 'Blending Tribes: Leadership Challenges in Mergers and Acquisitions', SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 81, 4, pp. 16-22, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 November 2017. Gritzo, L., Fusfeld, A., Carpenter, D. (2017). Success Factors in RD Leadership: Leadership Skills and Attributes for RD Managers Analysis of data from a large-scale survey reveal the behaviors, skills, and attributes that distinguish successful RD leaders. Research-Technology Management, 60(4), 43-52. Robertson, J. (2016). Coaching leadership: Building educational leadership capacity through partnership. New Zealand Council for Educational Research. PO Box 3237, Wellington 6140 New Zealand. Wang, G., Oh, I.S., Courtright, S.H. and Colbert, A.E., 2011. Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research.

Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays

David Stephens and Dack Anderson discussed the theory of short-term benefits as guide to animal feeding decisions. In a series of experiments conducted in an operant laboratory, blue jay birds were the subjects of the study. The foraging animals were tested in two situations namely the self control paradigm and the patch-use problems.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article details how natural selection among the foraging blue jays favour short term rules which result to long term consequences. The paper discusses how to combine time and amount in a suitable currency that mirrors the fitness consequences of different time/ amount sequences and determines the decision rules foragers apply to select the currency maximizing time/ amount sequence from a determined set of possibilities and investigating the relationship between decisi on rules and currencies. Foragers’ farsighted way in choosing is contradicted by laboratory experiments where the blue jays made short sighted decisions. The logic of farsightedness is best illustrated in the traditional studies of Stephens and Krebs (1986) where long term rate maximizing currency is infinite gain/ infinite time however this logic cannot be generally valid because food gained after starvation is not of any use thus the expression is too farsighted. Two groups of scholars presented an alternative to this proposal where the best rate is attained one at a time thus being short sighted (Bateson and Kacelnik, 1996; Baum and Rachlin, 1969) but Stephens and Krebs (1986) argued that when the maximum rate is taken from each chance, time may be exhausted on a mediocre alternative. The authors concluded that both long term and short term models presented are of extremes thus introducing a discount rate which measures the comparative loss of value in order to create inte rmediate term models. In this notion the long term model is determined when the discount rate is zero since the value of the gain is the same even if it was obtained early or late in a sequence but as the discount rate becomes larger the approach becomes that of the short term model. The discount rates are expected to be non-zero.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the authors, the long term model is the most sensible because it provides a rational estimate of rate even in a restricted time horizon. It is farsighted enough to pass over bad options and rational discount rates are small. Short sightedness is evident in the notion that animals often make prejudiced decisions which was concluded in the self control experiment. In a self control situation long term rate model predicts that animals will choose Gain1 over inter-trial interval plus delay before the small amount plus post feeding delay over the second alternative which is post feeding delay over inter-trial interval plus delay before the large amount as long as the former is greater than the later with consideration to temporal rates such as delay to food, post feeding delay and inter-trial delay. However these temporal rates are not treated equally by animals according to experiments. Evolutionary models can accommodate small discounting outcomes but they challenge the predictions of self control experiments. The latter show that short term hindrances have large effects. Scholars interpret such disagreements by disregarding the model and accepting the data. The blue jays were given a binary choice in the self control situation while the same subjects were given a choice to continue or leave where they follow a future patch alternative in the patch-use exploitation. The latter shows the effects of travel time on rate maximizing patch residence time. In the patch-use situation, the ja ys’ choice has comparable consequences but the subjects choose whether to wait in the patch and gather (G2 – G1) extra units of food or to leave at once after attaining a small amount (G1). In order to determine the different patterns of choices in the self control and patch-use contexts, the authors considered such in the context of 50 and 5 discount rate levels of delay to small. Results of the experiment concluded that when the delay to small was of ample amount (50) preferences of the blue jays were not affected by the ITI thus large outcome in the patch-use context was more favourable but when the delay to small was few (5), outcome was more complex. In the control situation, the jays’ favour for large decreased together with the ITI while in the patch-use situation the subjects’ favour increased for the large together with the ITI. The jays preferred large when the ITI was small in the self control situation while in the patch-use situation, the for aging animals preferred large when the ITI was large.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As predicted in the long term theory, the patch-use situation showed that the jays favoured large delayed outcomes as ITI increased but in the self control situation the outcomes are not the same. The authors presented situations that prove how results from both experiments (patch-use and self control) lead to long term rate maximizing. In the long term model situation results show that the patch-use context is in line with the long term rate model while the self control situation contradicts. According to the short term rate model, results of the self control treatment of binary choice conform to short term rate models while the outcomes of patch-use exploitation conforms to the long term rate currency. Both the self control and patch use situatio ns were compared in the same rule different outcome analysis. This analysis resulted in the conclusion that in the patch-use experiment, short term rates were obtained with long term rate maximization but in the self control situation the conclusion differs. The authors concluded that short term rule always agrees with the difference in long term rates according to the patch-use exploitation situation though such rule produces outcomes in relation to short sighted behaviour in the self control situation thus the subjects use the same short term rule in deciding for both cases but producing different outcomes. For the adaptive short term rules scenario, it has been found out that the natural process of selection among foraging animals has favoured short term rate comparisons for they measure long term rate maximization in natural decision contexts. The hypothesis deals with the usage of the same rule in patch-use and self control contexts and the representation of patch condition as natural foraging problems. The long term rate currency of foraging theory has been contradicted by self control studies and risk sensitive preferences. According to the risk sensitivity studies of Kacelnik and Bateson (1996), foraging animals favour changeable postponements even though unlimited time horizon rate models forecast indifference to unpredictability. The authors of the article argue that the evidence of self control of short term rules is not evidence of short term currency because in natural decision context, short term rules can have long term consequences.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally the authors theorized that pragmatic patterns of favour can be accounted by long term rate currency which includes reasonable levels of discounting. Foraging species favour attaining short term rewards with a minimal advantage over long term ones in abundance. The usual technique of elicitation of the inter-temporal discount rate has been critically challenged by scholars over the years when empirical studies discovered systematic violations of assumptions such as time consistency of preferences, stationary, constant discounting and utility maximization (Kalenscher and Pennartz, 2007). The discounted utility theory has limited descriptive validity because it fails to effectively depict the authenticity of inter-temporal choice behaviour. â€Å"Common difference and immediacy effects and the fact that preference reversals occur after deferring all choice alternatives into the future by the same interval, violate assumptions of consistent choice: (Kalenscher and Pennartz, 200 7). Foraging animals’ preferences do not depend on the proportion of gains and time in between such achievements but rather on the waiting time prior to the rewards. The technique becomes incoherent with the original and most favourable foraging formulation where animals are seen to sacrifice rather than maximize. The inter-temporal choice notion that it can be compressed into a single discount function is challenged by other variances such as the sign, magnitude and framing effects. When making inter-temporal decisions, foraging animals break vital assumptions in discount rates. Other limitations of such technique include the inability of long term theory to predict consistently the increase of favour for large together with ITI because choice in proportion cannot exceed 100% thus broad conditions exist where ITI has no effect. In the patch-use situation, ITI is hard to detect when favour for large is high, another drawback is with regards to the linear relationship in focus ing on temporal elements, where in reality the relationship between the amount and value can never be linear and lastly the authors’ assumption of animals’ preferences of short term rules over long term rules are not mutually exclusive. Critics of the usual technique of elicitation of the inter-temporal discount rate methods can be traced to their inability to provide consistent outcomes over time. Systematic violations also occur with regards to assumptions such as time consistency of preferences, stationary, constant discounting and utility maximization. These factors gravely affect results thus the method is questionable in providing valid outcomes in experiments. Hyperbolic discounting is inconsistent because it only measures the discounted outcomes of the near future and rather than the far future. The pattern of discounting is also inconsistent because how one subject’s decisions may be based on different aspects one considers than the other. In human beha viour discounting is influenced by the person’s expectations, moods, sign, glucose levels and the like which may differ from one person to another. Experimental ecology has provided a method in testing the inter-temporal choice behaviours of human beings though discounting can only provide outcomes of the near future and is limited to predict results in the far future, experimental ecology enables scholars to study patterns of choice. Patterns can be explained through discounting methods offered by the experiment in distinguishing the delay and interval of discounting. The experiment can help scholars analyse human behaviours in terms of people’s decisions and the future consequences they regard in making such choices by considering the variability of discount rates the experiment may provide. Experimental ecology provides scholars close to accurate approximations of outcomes through a series of controlled examinations of hypothesis and theories. It enables scholars to manipulate evidences and test models where distractions in their natural habitats may disrupt findings. If a model disagrees with data, the former will be rejected and the latter will be followed accordingly. In determining the feeding decisions of foraging animals such as blue jays, Stephen and Anderson compared the self control and patch-use experiments where in the former the jays were given a binary choice, obtain gains in a short period of time even if it is a few in quantity or wait for a period of time and obtain more gains while the in the latter case jays are given a choice to attain a gain and leave or continue and receive more gains. In both experiments the approach is similar but outcomes vary. In the self control approach the authors found out that it tends to lean on the short term model and that the patch-use situation is associated with the long term model. Techniques in the elicitation of inter-temporal discount rates help predict outcomes in behaviours of foraging animals in their decisions towards feeding but it presents limitations such as the violations of the theory’s assumptions and the consistency of predictions which may present as a problem in synthesizing conclusions for experiments. Furthermore, the assumption of linear relationships in the experiment deemed itself inconsistent because in reality relationships can never be linear. Though experimental ecology has its critics, contributions of such in the field can be attributed to its ability to control external factors that may disrupt results of the study and through experimentations theories and hypothesis can be proven through actual examinations. Reference List Bateson, M and Kacclnik, A 1996. â€Å"Rate currencies and the foraging starling: the fallacy of the averages revisited†, Behavioural Ecology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.341-352. Baum, W and Rachlin, H 1969. â€Å"Choice as time allocation†, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour, vol.12, no. 6, pp .861-874. Kacclnik, A and Bateson, M 1996, â€Å"Risky theories – the effects of variance on foraging decisions†, American Zoology, vol. 36, pp.402-434. Kalenscher, T and Pennartz, C 2007, â€Å"Is a bird in the hand worth two in the future? The neuroeconomics of inter-temporal decision making†, Progressive in Neurobiology, pp.1-32. Available from:  https://www.journals.elsevier.com/progress-in-neurobiology [26 December 2011]. Stephen, D and Krebs, J 1986, Foraging theory: Monographs in behaviour and ecology, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. This report on Natural Selection Among the Foraging Blue Jays was written and submitted by user Isabell Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Solar Energy essays

Solar Energy essays About 47 percent of the energy that the sun releases to the earth actually reaches the ground. About a third is reflected directly back into space by the atmosphere. The time in which solar energy is available, is also the time we least need it least - daytime. Because the sun's energy cannot be stored for use another time, we need to convert the suns energy into an energy that can be stored. One possible method of storing solar energy is by heating water that can be insulated. The water is heated by passing it through hollow panels. Black-coated steal plates are used because dark colors absorb heat more efficiently. However, this method only supplies enough energy for activities such as washing and bathing. The solar panels generate "low grade" heat, that is, they generate low temperatures for the amount of heat needed in a day. In order to generate "high grade" heat, intense enough to convert water into high-pressure steam which can then be used to turn electric generators there must be another method. The concentrated beams of sunlight are collected in a device called a solar furnace, which acts on the same principles as a large magnifying glass. The solar furnace takes the sunlight from a large area and by the use of lenses and mirrors can focus the light into a very small area. Very elaborate solar furnaces have machines that angle the mirrors and lenses to the sun all day. This system can provide sizable amounts of electricity and create extremely high temperatures of over 6000 degrees Fahrenheit. Solar energy generators are very clean, little waste is emitted from the generators into the environment. The use of coal, oil and gasoline is a constant drain, economically and environmentally. Will solar energy be the wave of the future? Could the worlds requirement of energy be fulfilled by the "powerhouse" of our galaxy - the sun? Automobiles in the future will pro...

Learning Team Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Learning Team Paper - Essay Example I, in this paper, review application of week one’s objectives of understanding flowcharts and metrics, and factors that affect process development. One of the week’s objectives is understanding the designing of flow charts and measures for determining and improving processes. The objective involves an understanding of elements of flowcharts and approaches to modeling elements to achieve a desired performance level, and process analysis plays an important role. Application of the knowledge of process analysis by a manager or designer in a manufacturing process is an example. This would include determination of the process’s objectives and aims of the specific analysis and determination, through exploring questions, of factors around a process. Such questions may relate to current output capacity of the process, expectations, possible modifications, and involved costs. The manager would then consider available materials and equipments, and process cycles to develop a flow chart, a process that would allow for easy understanding of the process towards improvements. Once a process is understood from its analysis, its performance can be measured from productivity, efficiency, time, and rate, and decisions made to improve the performance (Chase and Jacobs, 2006). Identification of factors that affect process development, and a further understanding of how the factors influence the development are another set of objectives and are applicable in improving processes towards optimum levels of efficiency. Understanding factors such as expected output, customers’ waiting time, and alternative approaches to process generates ideas for establishing a process, refining a draft process, or improving an existing process (Chase and Jacobs, 2006; Inan, Buyukkupcu and Akinci, 2010). The week’s objective of developing flow charts and metrics for determining and improving process performance together with identifying and

The Last Temptation of Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Last Temptation of Christ - Essay Example The plot of the movie revolves around the life of Jesus Christ, who moves through his life, fearful of the cross that he is destined to bear. He is given solace and encouragement by his friend and disciple, Judas Iscariot who finally betrays him at his own request. Jesus is constantly fearful and at one point in the movie, he terms fear to be the driving force of the actions that he performs or refuses to perform. Jesus’s social role is talked of in the movie, but as pointed out by the film critic Roger Ebert, the movie is more about the â€Å"inner struggle† that Christ goes through rather than his position as an individual in the society (Ebert). While on the cross, Jesus is tempted to accept the offer of the devil in the guise of a guardian angel. He relents, but the viewer later gets to know that the entire passage was a hallucination, a temptation that Christ is able to overcome as he dies on the cross for the sake of mankind. The social mores of this age are portr ayed accurately in the film. However, the director, Martin Scorsese deviates from the historical accuracies where it suits his artistic purpose. The Jesus that we see in the movie is in keeping with the tradition of the Anglo-Saxon Jesus. This can be seen as an attempt on the part of the director to cast Christ in the mould of a modernist hero who grapples with his own subjectivity. On a close analysis of the movie influences of characters from modernist fiction can be found. Even though one may be able to believe that the other characters are of Israeli origin, it is difficult to believe that of Willem Dafoe. The racial belonging of the other characters too is historically accurate and they infuse a sense of authenticity to the proceedings of the movie. The practice of stoning prostitutes that is depicted in the movie too is an accurate depiction of history. This practiced was consistent with the manner in which gender operated in ancient Rome (the Roman Empire). In these societies , there existed the hypocrisy of the practice of visiting prostitutes who were at the same time, vilified and cast in a bad light. Their occupation was frowned upon; however, as is seen from the number of clients that Mary Magdalene has in the scene where Jesus goes to visit her, their existence was known to everybody. Codes of sexuality in the movie are also accurately shown and Mary Magdalene is able to lead a normal family life only after she is married in a traditional manner to Jesus. One of the most controversial scenes of the movie is the one where Jesus and Mary Magdalene are making love. This, according to the social mores of the period in which this movie is set in, would be completely acceptable, since it is post-marital. This only heightens the level of the hypocrisy that is indulged in by the people of this society when they visit a prostitute. The social position of inferiority that was assigned to women is also obvious from such a depiction. This is again, a historica lly accurate description. The position of women in ancient Rome was not a very high or respectable one. This was especially true in the case of the classes of people who did not belong to the ruling classes. This is the class that Jesus belonged to and this is again obvious from the social customs that he believes in and practices throughout the movie. The historical accuracy that is maintained in these situations enables the viewer of this movie to identify with Christ as a human and not

What are the challenges in applicability of administrative law Essay - 1

What are the challenges in applicability of administrative law - Essay Example The dynamic of the collective action at the administrative level is characterized by the existence of the multiplicity of actors. The interactions among competing and opposing actors are the origin of the conflicts played in the administrative law. Some of the origins of such conflicts are: competition among political actors to assume control of the public administration; the emergency of principals of public administration at a supranational level. (The administration is required to implement these global or macro regional policies in a coherent way. In some situation, this can create conflict with elected bodies at state level) among many others. Three kinds of conflict originate from these interactions: political, institutional and economic. Political conflicts: Public administrations serve different political interests. Although they structurally, depend on the executive, they also have to implement acts and statures approved by the parliament. Administrative conflicts arise in situations where the executive and legislatures branches have different political vision and compete to make them prevail in the course of administrative action Institutional conflict: the second source of administrative law conflicts is institutional. This arises where national administration is also required to implement global, macro regional or international, rule and policies. This kind of conflict is common in the multilevel system in government. Although most of the public policies is macro region, their implementation is still national. This is the reason why most of the international authorities try to regulate both organizational and procedural mechanism through which national administration must execute those policies and rules. This is always done in order to ensure coherence and avoid any drift due to pressure from local interest (Joel

War of Indian Independence 1857

War of Indian Independence 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 is also known as Indias First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The many names are the result of the conflicts continuing importance to Indias national sense of identity. It began as a mutiny of native soldiers (sepoys) employed by the British East India Companys army, against perceived race based injustices and inequities, on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions which were mainly centered on north central India along the several major river valleys draining the south face of the Himalayas [See red annotated locations on Map at right] but with local episodes extending both northwest to Peshawar on the north-west frontier with Afghanistan and southeast beyond Delhi. The main conflict occurred largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-dayUttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British East Indian Company power in that region, and it was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.Some regard the rebellion as the first of several movements over ninety years to achieve independence, which was finally achieved in 1947. Other regions of Company-controlled India-Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency-remained largely calm. In Punjab, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the states of Rajputana did not join the rebellion. In some regions, such as Oudh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence. Rebel leaders, such as the Rani of Jhansi, and Rani of Tulsipur of Tulsipur-State, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India half a century later, however, they themselves generated no coherent ideology for a new order. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj. War of independence is described as an uprising that was ignited by Indian troops in the town of Meerut near Delhi in 1857. In addition to economic exploitation, political, and military causes, the British failed  to observe several cultural factors in their rule. One of these factors being that India was a cast-based society. But most important, was the religious conflict regarding the famous British cartridges that used pig and cow fat. India had a long history of recurring revolts during British occupation. Although some of these uprisings were more effective than others, nonetheless they were indicative of a widespread discontent with British rule. Revolts were a yearly occurrence but were always cruelly put down by the British forces. The Indians were never a match for the British, and without an efficient way to communicate with others these revolts were unable to spread to other areas of the country. The Rebellion of 1857 was different because it was the larger and more widespread armed challenge to British rule. It began as a revolt of Indian Sepoys, but, The revolt then spread rapidly to other garrisons and soon turned from a limited military mutiny into a widespread civil rebellion that involved peasants, artisans, day laborers, and religious leaders (Tignor, 712). Besides attacking government buildings including prisons, treasuries, barracks and courthouses, Sepoys and peasants killed all Europeans and Christians they could find. As a result it has been described by many as a nationalist revolt, or Indias first war of national independence. Following can be stated as possible and logical reasons or causes of war of independence 1857: Controversies and disputes Unease among masses due to social reforms introduced by the company Economical exploitation by the British Unrest among the Sepoys The Enfield Rifle Prophecies, omens, signs and rumors Controversies and disputes: Many locals believed that british wanted to force them to change their religon and convert to Christianity. The British creed of the time was Evangelism, and many East India Company officers tried themselves to convert their Sepoys. This was strongly discouraged by the Company officials. The doctrine of lapse was also a major reason for this tragedy [1]. According to this doctrine the company could annex any heirless princely state if the ruler didnt had any natural heir to the throne. In eight years, Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India, annexed many kingdoms including Jhansi, Oudh, Satara, Nagpur and Sambalpur. Nobility, feudal leaders, and royal forces were unemployed . Even the treasure of the royal family of Nagpur was publicly sold in Calcutta. It was seen as a sign of abject disrespect by the Indian aristocracy. Indians were not happy by rule of Europeans who were bent on rather rapid expansion and westernization. They didnt had any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. Reforms made by british , such as putting curbs on Sati (the self-burning of widows with their husbands) and minor marriage, were accompanied with prohibitions on Indian religious customs, seen as steps towards a change in religon.[2] Historian William Dalrymple asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by by resistance against a move by the East India Company, which was perceived as an attempt to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India.[3] For example, when Zafar met the sepoys on 11th of May in 1857, he was told: We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, Brothers, are you with those of the faith?[3] Those British men and women who had converted to Islam were spared, while Indian Christians such as one of royal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed in cold blood.[3] Dalrymple also states that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to join hands and put resistance against the eminent British attack, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of the faith, and that all Muslim and Hindu citizens of the capital city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds.[3] As further evidence, he proves that the Urdu manuscripts of the pre and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (infidels) and nasrani (Christians).[3] The justice system was certainly not just to locals. In 1853, the British Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen opened the Indian Civil Service to locals; however, this was viewed by most of educated India as an non-compensating measure. The official records and war diaries were laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857 which revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of war crimes . The Company also exploited the locals financially. Failure to pay the unjust and heavy taxes always resulted in seizure of property by the government. British slowed the pace of their programme of reform and also sought to pacify the gentry and princely families, particularly Muslim, who had been major leaders of the 1857 revolt. After 1857, local land lordship became more domineering, the discrimination based on caste became more manifest, and the collective partition between Hindus and Muslims became discernible and visible, which many analysts argue was due to a British approach of divide and rule. An additional vital reason for the rebellion was the stance towards the Mughal monarch, Bahadur Shah II. The governor-general of India at the time, had affronted the Emperor by asking him and his family to leave the Red Fort. Later, Lord Canning, the next governor-general of India, announced that Bahadur Shahs successors would not even be permitted to use the title of the Shahanshah. Such lamentable events were condemned by public. Unease among masses due to social reforms introduced by company: Many locals were angry due to the rule of the British and perceived a project of westernization and slavery to be taking place.The forbidding of Sati (self-immolation by widows along with dead husbands) and minor marriage seemed to be a herald to an nuisance of Christianity. It was also a reason for the tragedy.[2] Economical exploitation by the British: The British East India Company was a huge trading firm . The supremacy of the British invasion force took nearly 150 years to emerge. Till 1700s, the yearly expenses in enticement to local rulers and officers reached almost 90,000 pounds. By bribing the administration, the Company was allowed to function in abroad markets notwithstanding the verity that the cheap imports of South Asia impair conjugal trade. By 1767, the Company was strained into an accord to pay 400,000 pounds into the state Exchequer per annum. By mid of 19th century, while, the Companys monetary difficulties had reached a position where mounting taxation requisite escalating British territories in South Asia extraordinarily. The Company began to put curbs adoption rights of indigenous rulers and began the procedure of appropriation of independent Rajas. Karl Marx wrote that in 1854 the Raj of Berar, which comprised 80,000 square miles of land, a population from four to five million, and enormous treasures, was forcibly seized. By 1857, the very last relics of sovereign Indian states had disappeared and the Company exported untold quantities of gold, jewels, silver, silk, cotton, and a host of other precious materials back to England every year. This very asset funded the industrialized Revolution to great extent. The agricultural land was restructured under the rather callous feudal system to smooth the progress of the compilation of excise. In some regions farmers were strained to toggle from carry-over farming to commercial crops such as indigo, jute, coffee and tea. This resulted in destitution to the farmers and increases in food prices. Indigenous commerce, in particular the renowned weavers of Bengal and elsewhere, also suffered under British statute. Import tariffs were maintained low, according to conventional British free-market sentiments, and consequently the Indian open market was snowed under with cheap garments from Britain. Master weavers had their fingers cut off to prevent them from weaving. The Indians felt that the British were imposing incredibly grave excise on the locals. This incorporated an boost in the levy on land. This appears to have been the most imperative raison dà ªtre.

The Other Ending To Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Howling Adventures Amongst Royal Frauds After all the confusion was settled at Aunt Sally and Uncle Silas’ farm, Tom, and Jim and I decided to go down the river to the Indian Territory and go for howling adventures amongst the Injuns. So we fixed up a raft and said good-bye. A week later Tom and I ran out of money so we couldn’t buy matches or cornmeal or any of that kinder stuff. So the next town we stopped at (by the name of Hicksville), the rain was pouring down so hard and the wind was a’ howling and whooping and the thunder made you jump right out of yur’ pants, we tied up the raft and found a good dry place to put Jim and keep ‘m hid (right under the dock where the platform reaches the land). Tom and I started to walk up towards the town and he told me about this book he read. It was about two boys who ran out of money whilst traveling down a river so they decide to sell rocks to people telling them that they’re magic. I got the feeling that Tom was trying to come up with ideas to make some money. So I says â€Å"Why don’t we jest steal some money?† And for the first time Tom agreed with me. So we stole some money from a blind man and ran as fast as we possibly could to the dock. Then we almost forgot Jim so Tom ran up to the end of the dock; went under it and told Jim it was all right to come out; we headed down the river, again. As we got further and further down the river, we realized we were in the Indian Territory. We tied up the raft on a tree that had falled down across the river. We set up a lean-to and cut some firewood, and put it in a dry place to keep it from the rain. After we set up camp, Tom and I took our rifles and decided to go hunting. We caught ourselves a rabbit and figer’d we best get back to camp before it got too late. When we got back to camp the lean-to was destroyed and Jim was gone. Well, it started to rain again and it was getting darker by the second. Tom looked over at me and said, â€Å"Injuns!† â€Å"I don’t know.† says I. â€Å"Do you have a plan, Tom?† â€Å"A plan for what?